Accurately identifying and tracking users across platforms and browsers has become essential to online security and marketing tactics in the digital era. This paper explores the complex mechanisms of browser and mobile device fingerprinting, providing insight into how businesses employ these techniques to monitor and identify users. We show how unique digital fingerprints are generated by looking at a wide range of metrics, such as clock skew rate, battery status, audio configuration, time zone, canvas fingerprinting, machine characteristics, emojis, DOMrect, extensions, math functions, screen properties, TLS handshake patterns, and even favicons.

We discuss how they are combined under a single umbrella and can be used to accurately identify a user and they can either be used as a tool for improving security, Fraud detection & can also be a security & privacy risk in a lot cases.